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这篇文章主要为大家展示了“怎么从零学习PostgreSQL Page结构”,内容简而易懂,条理清晰,希望能够帮助大家解决疑惑,下面让小编带领大家一起研究并学习一下“怎么从零学习PostgreSQL Page结构”这篇文章吧。
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pg中的page和Oracle中的数据块一样,指的是数据库的块,操作系统块的整数倍个,默认是8K也就是两个操作系统块(4k的文件系统块)。这个大小在pg编译安装configure的时候通过--with-blocksize参数指定,单位是Kb。
2.2 PageHeaderData数据结构 (页头)
可以看到一个Page有 Pager header(页头),后面是linp(行指针),pd_lower和pd_upper分别是空闲空间的开始位置和结束位置;后面就是行数据(pg里面的行就是tuple)和special空间。整个page的结构比Oracle的数据块结构简单多了。
typedef struct PageHeaderData
{
/* XXX LSN is member of *any* block, not only page-organized ones */
PageXLogRecPtr pd_lsn; /* LSN: next byte after last byte of xlog
* record for last change to this page */
uint16 pd_checksum; /* checksum */
uint16 pd_flags; /* flag bits, see below */
LocationIndex pd_lower; /* offset to start of free space */
LocationIndex pd_upper; /* offset to end of free space */
LocationIndex pd_special; /* offset to start of special space */
uint16 pd_pagesize_version;
TransactionId pd_prune_xid; /* oldest prunable XID, or zero if none */
ItemIdData pd_linp[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER]; /* line pointer array */
} PageHeaderData;
具体的长度和描述也都有详细说明:
Field | Type | Length | Description |
pd_lsn | PageXLogRecPtr | 8 bytes | LSN: next byte after last byte of WAL record for last change to this page |
pd_checksum | uint16 | 2 bytes | Page checksum |
pd_flags | uint16 | 2 bytes | Flag bits |
pd_lower | LocationIndex | 2 bytes | Offset to start of free space |
pd_upper | LocationIndex | 2 bytes | Offset to end of free space |
pd_special | LocationIndex | 2 bytes | Offset to start of special space |
pd_pagesize_version | uint16 | 2 bytes | Page size and layout version number information |
pd_prune_xid | TransactionId | 4 bytes | Oldest unpruned XMAX on page, or zero if none |
简单来说,pd_lsn是指最后修改过这个page的lsn(log sequence number),这个和wal(write ahead log,同oracle redo)中记录的lsn一致。数据落盘时redo必须先刷到wal,这个pd_lsn就记录了最后data落盘时的相关redo的lsn。
pd_checksum是校验和,在initdb初始化实例的时候通过-k参数指定开启,默认是关闭的,initdb之后不能修改,它基于FNV-1a hash算法,做了相应的更改。这个校验和与Oracle的checksum一样用于数据块在读入和写出内存时的校验。比如我们在内存中修改了一个数据块,写入到磁盘的时候,在内存里面先计算好checksum,数据块写完后再计算一遍cheksum是否和之前在内存中的一致,确保整个写出过程没有出错,保护数据结构不被破坏。
pd_flags有以下的值:
/*
* pd_flags contains the following flag bits. Undefined bits are initialized
* to zero and may be used in the future.
*
* PD_HAS_FREE_LINES is set if there are any LP_UNUSED line pointers before
* pd_lower. This should be considered a hint rather than the truth, since
* changes to it are not WAL-logged.
*
* PD_PAGE_FULL is set if an UPDATE doesn't find enough free space in the
* page for its new tuple version; this suggests that a prune is needed.
* Again, this is just a hint.
*/
#define PD_HAS_FREE_LINES 0x0001 /* are there any unused line pointers? */
#define PD_PAGE_FULL 0x0002 /* not enough free space for new tuple? */
#define PD_ALL_VISIBLE 0x0004 /* all tuples on page are visible to
* everyone */
#define PD_VALID_FLAG_BITS 0x0007 /* OR of all valid pd_flags bits */
pd_lower和pd_upper分别表示空闲空间起始位置和结束位置;pd_special在索引page才有效;pd_pagesize_version是page大小和page version的存储位,在不同数据库版本中,page version不一样:
数据库版本 | pd_pagesize_version | ||
<7.3 | 0 | ||
7.3 & 7.4 | 1 | ||
8.0 | 2 | ||
8.1 | 3 | ||
>8.3 | 4 |
prune_xid表示这个page上最早删除或者修改tuple的事务id,在vacuum操作的时候会用到。(pg没有undo,旧的数据也在page中,用vacuum来清理)
lp_off是tuple的开始的偏移量;lp_flags是标志位;lp_len记录了tuple的长度。
Field | Length | Description |
lp_off | 15 bits | offset to tuple |
lp_flags | 2 bits | State of iteam pointer |
lp_len | 15 bits | Byte length of tuple |
typedef struct HeapTupleFields { TransactionId t_xmin; /* inserting xact ID */ TransactionId t_xmax; /* deleting or locking xact ID */ union { CommandId t_cid; /* inserting or deleting command ID, or both */ TransactionId t_xvac; /* old-style VACUUM FULL xact ID */ } t_field3; } HeapTupleFields;
typedef struct DatumTupleFields { int32 datum_len_; /* varlena header (do not touch directly!) */ int32 datum_typmod; /* -1, or identifier of a record type */ Oid datum_typeid; /* composite type OID, or RECORDOID */
/* * Note: field ordering is chosen with thought that Oid might someday * widen to 64 bits. */ } DatumTupleFields;
struct HeapTupleHeaderData { union { HeapTupleFields t_heap; DatumTupleFields t_datum; } t_choice;
ItemPointerData t_ctid; /* current TID of this or newer tuple (or a * speculative insertion token) */ /* Fields below here must match MinimalTupleData! */ uint16 t_infomask2; /* number of attributes + various flags */ uint16 t_infomask; /* various flag bits, see below */ uint8 t_hoff; /* sizeof header incl. bitmap, padding */ /* ^ - 23 bytes - ^ */ bits8 t_bits[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER]; /* bitmap of NULLs */ /* MORE DATA FOLLOWS AT END OF STRUCT */ }; (*这部分代码在src/include/access/htup_details.h) |
也有对应的长度和描述的相详细说明:
Field | Type | Length | Description |
t_xmin | TransactionId | 4 bytes | insert XID stamp |
t_xmax | TransactionId | 4 bytes | delete XID stamp |
t_cid | CommandId | 4 bytes | insert and/or delete CID stamp (overlays with t_xvac) |
t_xvac | TransactionId | 4 bytes | XID for VACUUM operation moving a row version |
t_ctid | ItemPointerData | 6 bytes | current TID of this or newer row version |
t_infomask2 | uint16 | 2 bytes | number of attributes, plus various flag bits |
t_infomask | uint16 | 2 bytes | various flag bits |
t_hoff | uint8 | 1 byte | offset to user data |
union是共享结构体,起作用的变量是最后一次赋值的成员。来看看tuple header的结构。
在HeapTupleFields中,t_xmin是插入这行tuple的事务id;t_xmax是删除或者锁住tuple的事务id;union结构中的t_cid是删除或者插入这个tuple的命令id,也就是命令序号;t_xvac是以前格式的vacuum full用到的事务id。
在DatumTupleFields中,datum_len_ 指tuple的长度;datum_typmod是记录的type;datum_typeid是记录的id。
页头HeapTupleHeaderData包含了union结构体中的两个变量HeapTupleFields和DatumTupleFields。t_ctid是tuple id,类似oracle的rowid,形式为(块号,行号)。
t_infomask2 表示属性和标志位
t_infomask 是flag标志位,具体值如下:
/* * information stored in t_infomask: */ #define HEAP_HASNULL 0x0001 /* has null attribute(s) */ #define HEAP_HASVARWIDTH 0x0002 /* has variable-width attribute(s) */ #define HEAP_HASEXTERNAL 0x0004 /* has external stored attribute(s) */ #define HEAP_HASOID 0x0008 /* has an object-id field */ #define HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK 0x0010 /* xmax is a key-shared locker */ #define HEAP_COMBOCID 0x0020 /* t_cid is a combo cid */ #define HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK 0x0040 /* xmax is exclusive locker */ #define HEAP_XMAX_LOCK_ONLY 0x0080 /* xmax, if valid, is only a locker */
/* xmax is a shared locker */ #define HEAP_XMAX_SHR_LOCK (HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK | HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK)
#define HEAP_LOCK_MASK (HEAP_XMAX_SHR_LOCK | HEAP_XMAX_EXCL_LOCK | \ HEAP_XMAX_KEYSHR_LOCK) #define HEAP_XMIN_COMMITTED 0x0100 /* t_xmin committed */ #define HEAP_XMIN_INVALID 0x0200 /* t_xmin invalid/aborted */ #define HEAP_XMIN_FROZEN (HEAP_XMIN_COMMITTED|HEAP_XMIN_INVALID) #define HEAP_XMAX_COMMITTED 0x0400 /* t_xmax committed */ #define HEAP_XMAX_INVALID 0x0800 /* t_xmax invalid/aborted */ #define HEAP_XMAX_IS_MULTI 0x1000 /* t_xmax is a MultiXactId */ #define HEAP_UPDATED 0x2000 /* this is UPDATEd version of row */ #define HEAP_MOVED_OFF 0x4000 /* moved to another place by pre-9.0 * VACUUM FULL; kept for binary * upgrade support */ #define HEAP_MOVED_IN 0x8000 /* moved from another place by pre-9.0 * VACUUM FULL; kept for binary * upgrade support */ #define HEAP_MOVED (HEAP_MOVED_OFF | HEAP_MOVED_IN)
#define HEAP_XACT_MASK 0xFFF0 /* visibility-related bits */ |
t_hoff表示tuple header的长度
t_bits记录了tuple中null值的列
它在源码的crontrib目录下面
postgres@cs-> cd postgresql-10.4/contrib/pageinspect
make && make install postgres@cs-> make postgres@cs-> make install
create extension就好了 postgres@cs-> psql psql (10.4) Type "help" for help.
postgres=# CREATE EXTENSION pageinspect; CREATE EXTENSION
postgres=# \x Expanded display is on. postgres=# \dx List of installed extensions -[ RECORD 1 ]------------------------------------------------------ Name | pageinspect Version | 1.6 Schema | public Description | inspect the contents of database pages at a low level -[ RECORD 2 ]------------------------------------------------------ Name | plpgsql Version | 1.0 Schema | pg_catalog Description | PL/pgSQL procedural language |
3.2 创建建测试表t1,插入数据
这里可以看到1000行数据用了6个数据块来存储(这里数据块从0开始),第6个数据块包含了73条记录(tuple)
这里我们通过两个函数来查看
page_header 可以看到页头的数据
heap_pageitems 可以看到具体tuple的数据
postgres=# \xExpanded display is on.postgres=# select * from page_header(get_raw_page('t1',0));-[ RECORD 1 ]--------lsn | 0/1671188checksum | 0flags | 0lower | 772upper | 784special | 8192pagesize | 8192version | 4prune_xid | 0postgres=# |
可以看到第0个page的pd_lsn为0/1671188,checksum和flags都是0,这里没有开启checksum;tuple开始偏移是772(pd_lower),结束偏移是784(pd_upper),这个page是个表,所以它没有special,我们看到的sepcial就是8192了;pagesize是8192就是8K,version是4,没有需要清理的tuple,所以存储需要清理的tuple的最早事务的id就是0(prune_xid)。
我们来看一行记录,可以看到它是第1行记录(lp=1),tuple的开始偏移量8160(lp_off),tuple的长度是32 bytes(lp_len为32,这个tuple是第一个插入的tuple,所以lp_off+lp_len=8160+32=8192),这行记录的插入事务id是557(t_min),和tuple的删除事务id是0(tmax),这里数据没有被删除,所以都是0。我们还可以看到t_ctid是(0,1),这里表示这个tuple是这个page中第一个块的第一条tuple;tinfomask2是2,t_infomask为2306,十六进制就是 0x0902 ,这个我们可以根据上面提到的值去看看具体的含义,0x0902 = 0x0100 + 0x0800 +0x0002;tuple头部结构(行头)的长度是24(t_hoff),t_data就是16进制存储的真正的数据了。
我们删除一行tuple可以看到prune_xid有了值,为559,这个559就是删除这个tuple的事务id(当前最早的删除或更改了tuple的事务id)
同样,我们可以看到lp为1的这个tuple的t_xmax为559,这里就是删除这行tuple的事务id。
PostgreSQL Page的物理结构相比Oracle的数据块来说简单很多了,源代码开放也便于学习和研究,pg是个很好很强大的数据库,值得好好学习。
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