MySQL——全量，增量备份与恢复（实战篇！）

一，全量备份与恢复

1，进入数据库，创建表，插入表数据

[root@master2 ~]# MySQL -uroot -p   ##进入数据库
Enter password: 

mysql> create database school;    ##创建数据库
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> use school;   ##使用数据库
Database changed
mysql> create table info(    ##创建表
        -> id int(3) not null primary key auto_increment,
        -> name varchar(10) not null,
        -> score decimal(4,1) not null);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)

mysql> desc info;   ##查看表结构
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(3)       | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(10)  | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| score | decimal(4,1) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('stu01',88),('stu02',77);   ##插入表数据
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 2  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from info;   ##查看表内容
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | stu02 |  77.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from info limit 1;   ##只显示表中的前1行
+----+-------+-------+
| id | name  | score |
+----+-------+-------+
|  1 | stu01 |  88.0 |
+----+-------+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

2，对数据库进行物理的完全备份

[root@master2 ~]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/   ##切换到数据库的数据目录下
[root@master2 data]# ls
auto.cnf        ibdata1      ib_logfile1  mysql               school  test
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile0  ibtmp1       performance_schema  sys
[root@master2 data]# cd school/
[root@master2 school]# ls   ##数据中的文件
db.opt  info.frm  info.ibd
[root@master2 school]# cd ..
[root@master2 data]# tar Jcvf /opt/mysql-$(date +%F).tar.xz /usr/local/mysql/data/ ##用xz格式压缩
[root@master2 data]# cd /opt/
[root@master2 opt]# ls
mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh

3，对单个数据库进行逻辑上的备份

[root@master2 opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p school > /opt/school.sql  ##逻辑备份单个数据库
Enter password: 
[root@master2 opt]# ls
mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  school.sql
[root@master2 opt]# vim school.sql  ##查看备份数据库脚本

...
CREATE TABLE `info` (
    `id` int(3) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    `name` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
    `score` decimal(4,1) NOT NULL,
    PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=3 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;
...
LOCK TABLES `info` WRITE;
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `info` DISABLE KEYS */;
INSERT INTO `info` VALUES (1,'stu01',88.0),(2,'stu02',77.0);
...

4，对多个数据库进行备份

[root@master2 opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p --databases school mysql > /opt/db_school_mysql.sql
##备份多个数据库
Enter password: 
[root@master2 opt]# ls
db_school_mysql.sql  mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  mysql-5.7.20  rh  school.sql

5，对数据库进行完全备份

[root@master2 opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p --opt --all-databases > /opt/all.sql ##完全备份
Enter password: 
[root@master2 opt]# ls
all.sql              mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  rh
db_school_mysql.sql  mysql-5.7.20             school.sql

6，对数据库中的表进行备份

[root@master2 opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p school info > /opt/school_info.sql ##对数据库中的表进行备份
Enter password: 
[root@master2 opt]# ls
all.sql              mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  rh               school.sql
db_school_mysql.sql  mysql-5.7.20             school_info.sql

7，对数据库中的表结构进行备份

[root@master2 opt]# mysqldump -uroot -p -d school info > /opt/school_info_desc.sql  
##对表结构进行备份
Enter password: 
[root@master2 opt]# ls
all.sql                  mysql-5.7.20          school_info.sql
db_school_mysql.sql      rh                    school.sql
mysql-2019-11-26.tar.xz  school_info_desc.sql

8，基于脚本恢复数据库

[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p     ##进入数据库
Enter password: 

mysql> show databases;   ##查看数据库
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| school             |
| sys                |
| test               |
+--------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use school;    ##使用数据库
Database changed

mysql> show tables;   ##查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop table info;    ##删除表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;        ###查看表
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> source /opt/school.sql  ##恢复数据库脚本文件

mysql> show tables;    ##查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

9，基于外部MySQL命令恢复数据库

mysql> drop table info;   ##删除表
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;   ##查看表
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit   ##退出
Bye
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123 school < /opt/school.sql   ##利用mysql命令进行恢复
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123    ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;    ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> show tables;   ##查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

二，MySQL增量备份及恢复

1，开启二进制日志文件

[root@master2 opt]# vim /etc/my.cnf  ##开启二进制日志文件
[mysqld]
user = mysql
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /usr/local/mysql/data
port = 3306
character_set_server=utf8
pid-file = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.pid
socket = /usr/local/mysql/mysql.sock
log-bin=mysql-bin   ##开启二进制日志文件
server-id = 1
[root@master2 opt]# systemctl restart mysqld.service   ##重启mysql服务
[root@master2 opt]# cd /usr/local/mysql/data/   ##切换到mysql站点
[root@master2 data]# ls     ##查看二进制日志文件
auto.cnf        ib_logfile0  mysql             performance_schema  test
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile1  mysql-bin.000001  school
ibdata1         ibtmp1       mysql-bin.index   sys

2，进行完全备份

[root@master2 data]# mysqldump -uroot -p123123 school > /opt/school.sql ##一次完全备份
mysqldump: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 data]# ls
auto.cnf        ib_logfile0  mysql             performance_schema  test
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile1  mysql-bin.000001  school
ibdata1         ibtmp1       mysql-bin.index   sys
[root@master2 data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p123123 flush-logs  ##刷新二进制日志文件
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 data]# ls     ##生成新的二进制日志文件，接下来的操作会保存在mysql-bin.000002中
auto.cnf        ib_logfile0  mysql             mysql-bin.index     sys
ib_buffer_pool  ib_logfile1  mysql-bin.000001  performance_schema  test
ibdata1         ibtmp1       mysql-bin.000002  school

3，进入数据库，模拟误操作

[root@master2 data]# mysql -uroot -p123123  ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;    ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;  ##查看表
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
+----+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('by01',66);   ##正确操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from info where name='st01';   ##错误操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into info (name,score) values ('by02',99); ##正确操作
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | by02 |  99.0 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@master2 data]# mysqladmin -uroot -p123123 flush-logs    ##刷新二进制日志文件        
mysqladmin: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 data]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --base64-output=decode-rows -v mysql-bin.000002 > /opt/bak.txt
##用64位解码器查看二进制日志文件，并生成一个文件
[root@master2 data]# cd /opt/
[root@master2 opt]# ls
bak.txt  mysql-5.7.20  rh  school.sql
[root@master2 opt]# vim bak.txt    ##查看二进制日志文件

# at 1084
#191127 20:14:01 server id 1  end_log_pos 1132 CRC32 0xdcc90eb5         Write_rows: table id 221 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `school`.`info`   ##第一次正确操作的时间和位置
### SET
###   @1=3
###   @2='by01'
###   @3=66.0
...
# at 1302   ##停止位置点
#191127 20:14:46 server id 1  end_log_pos 1357 CRC32 0x6648509a         Table_map: `school`.`info` mapped to number 221
# at 1357
#191127 20:14:46 server id 1  end_log_pos 1405 CRC32 0x1eeb752b         Delete_rows: table id 221 flags: STMT_END_F
### DELETE FROM `school`.`info`   ##第二次执行错误操作的时间和位置191127 20:14:46
### WHERE
###   @1=1
###   @2='st01'
###   @3=88.0
# at 1405  ##开始位置点
#191127 20:14:46 server id 1  end_log_pos 1436 CRC32 0xf1c8d903         Xid = 54
...
# at 1630
#191127 20:15:16 server id 1  end_log_pos 1678 CRC32 0x08d9b0f4         Write_rows: table id 221 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `school`.`info`   ##第二次正确操作的时间和位置191127 20:15:16
### SET
###   @1=4
###   @2='by02'
###   @3=99.0

4，基于时间点进行断点恢复

[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123   ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;  ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> drop table info;   ##删除数据库
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from info;   ##查看表
ERROR 1146 (42S02): Table 'school.info' doesn't exist
mysql> source /opt/school.sql   ##恢复完全备份数据库脚本
...
mysql> show tables;   ##查看表
+------------------+
| Tables_in_school |
+------------------+
| info             |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;  ##查看表数据
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
+----+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@master2 opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-datetime='2019-11-27 20:14:46' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p123123
##恢复bin.000002中前一个正确的执行语句（从第二个错误语句时间点停止）
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123   ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;  ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;   ##查看表数据，恢复了第一次正确操作
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

[root@master2 opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-datetime='2019-11-27 20:15:16' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p123123   
##跳过错误节点，恢复最后一个正确的操作（从最后一个正确的操作时间点开始）
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123  ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;   ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;    ##查看表数据，恢复了第二次正确操作，跳过了错误的操作
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | by02 |  99.0 |
+----+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

5，基于位置点进行断点恢复

mysql> delete from info where name='by01';    ##为实验方便直接删除
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> delete from info where name='by02';    ##删除
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from info;  ##完全备份的初始状态
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
+----+------+-------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

[root@master2 opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --stop-position='1302' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p123123                           
##跳过错误操作的位置点从上一个位置点开始
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123   ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;    ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;   ##查看表数据，恢复了第一次正确的操作
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
+----+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

[root@master2 opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults --start-position='1405' /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p123123   
##从错误的位置后一个位置点开始，跳过错误操作的位置点
[root@master2 opt]# mysql -uroot -p123123   ##进入数据库
mysql: [Warning] Using a password on the command line interface can be insecure.

mysql> use school;   ##使用数据库
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> select * from info;    ##查看表数据，跳过错误操作，恢复第二次正确操作数据
+----+------+-------+
| id | name | score |
+----+------+-------+
|  1 | st01 |  88.0 |
|  2 | st02 |  77.0 |
|  3 | by01 |  66.0 |
|  4 | by02 |  99.0 |
+----+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

6，对于增量备份全部恢复

[root@master2 opt]# mysqlbinlog --no-defaults  /usr/local/mysql/data/mysql-bin.000002 | mysql -uroot -p123123
##全部增量恢复

谢谢阅读！